Microscopy. 

Study Of Various Types Of Microscopes:

Microorganisms cannot be observes with naked eye, for observation of such small organisms, it is necessary toenlarge their image. The instrument used for the Magnefication and observation of such object is called Microscope.

It is a scientific instrument used to magnify and observe objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. It consist a combination of lenses and an illumination system that allow for detailed examination of tiny structures and organisms.

Parts Of Microscopes:
A) Mechanical Parts:

1) Foot/Base:

The base is the support to rest part of Microscope. It may be of various shape particularly a horse shoe shape is the most common

2) Pillar:

It is an upward portion of the base to which arm of the microscope is joint.

3) Inclination Joint:

It is a point where the arm and pillar are jointed and applicable for adjusting the inclined angle of the microscope in Favour of the observer.

4) Arm:

The body of the microscope is attached to it and joined to the inclination joint through pillar. This part is useful for lifting the microscope.

5) Coarse Adjustment Screw:

The body tube supports at its lower end to the objective Lenses through the revolving nose piece and at its upper end the draw tube in which the eyepiece is loosely inserted.

6) Fine Adjustment Screw:

It Moves the Body Tube up and down very slowly and gives a very accurate focusing on sharp focusing of the image. 

7) Draw Tube: 

The Draw Tube carries the ocular, It can be adjusted to control tube length and so effect correction for the Objective Lens.

8) Body tube:

The body tube is attached to the upper end of the arm. To the body tube, eyepiece and objective Lense is joined through the draw tube and revolving nose piece Respectively.


9) Revolving Nose Piece:

It holds the various objective lenses and allow to any of the objective lens to bring quickly into the position.

10) Stage:

The specimen which is to be observe is placed on the flat platform is called Stage. The specimen is placed exactly below the objective lens and fixed with the help of pair of sharing clips.

11) Mechanical Stage:

It holds the slide and moves it along the stage slowly and smoothly by the rotation of the two knobs foe each direction.

12) Substage:

Immediately below the stage is substage which holds the condenser with irris diaphragm and holder for light filters.

13) Irris Diaphgram:

Irris diaphragm can be opened and closed by using a small projection as per requirement of light for the observation. It controls the rays of light passing through the condenser.

14) Condenser Adjusting Screw:

This screw is used to adjust the height of a condenser with irris diaphragm by moving up and down. The height is adjusted at a point where the image finds more clear.

B)  Optical Parts:

1) Mirror:

Below the condensor and irris diaphragm a mirror is adjusted. It is circular and loosely mounted so that it can turned in any direction and will stay in place. It reflects the beam of light from light source to the object through irris diaphragm into the condensor.

2) Condensor:

It usually consist of two or three large, highly curved lenses. It condenses the light into particular pencil shaped cone, there by preventing escape of light rays. It also controls the light intensity when a condensor is low.

3) Objective Lenses:

As these lenses are present near the object it is called Objective Lenses. It is of various magnification lens
        10x - Lower Power
        40x - Higher Power
        100x - Oil Immersion Lens
        10x - Lower Power

4) Eyepiece (Ocular):

It is very near to the eye of the observer and hence called eyepiece. It can be of various magnification power such as 10x and 15x. Th pointer eyepiece is provided with a pointer in it which is used to point out individual object in the microscopic field. The main Purpose of eyepiece is to give second magnified image which can be observed through it.